August 25, 2001 - Raytheon and the US Air Force successfully auto lands a pilot-less FedEx Boeing 727 six times at Holloman AFB, NM using a military GPS landing system that will enable ground control to take control of a hijacked airplane and force land it. (TRANSLATED): "A forced landing system developed in the USA will make plane hijackings more difficult: in case of emergency the crew operates a switch - and the machine steers automatically to the next airport. The times for an airplane kidnapper are becoming harder: in America engineers are working to land kidnapped machines in the future by an improved autopilot without assistance of the cockpit on the nearest airport - an emergency switch, that a ground control operates crew; the levers in the airplane are then blocked and the kidnappers can no longer control the plane from the hand controls. According to a recent news release, technicians of US aviation and arms company Raytheon already in August landed a passenger aircraft six times successfully on the military airport at Holloman, New Mexico. The plane was equipped with a special forced landing system without any pilots. The Boeing 727 oriented itself not, as usual, with the radar signals at the end of the runway, but by a combination of GPS satellite and ground signals, which help, to exactly compute the altitude and thus the necessary angle of approach with deviation no greater than one meter." - Der Spiegel (10/28/01) [Reprinted and translated at: Cooperative ...
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Celestial Navigation in the GPS Age
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One of the largest global location based services/mobile resource management (LBS/MRM) services provider in the world is TeleNav. TeleNav GPS Navigator is used for both personal and business purposes, helping individuals make the most of their leisure or work time. They have recently released statistics on how we use our GPS devices. The data shows what and how we search, identifies our daily needs, appetites and more info than we can imagine.

Analyzing the who, what, why and where of our national GPS usage can be fun. For instance, when it comes to our eating out habits, did you know that pizza is the most searched cuisine in the nation? Who knew? Second to our craving for pizza is Chinese food. You would think that burgers would have been high on this list, but it came in at #3 and was followed by American food in 4th place and finally Mexican cuisine at #5. This list wasn't at all what I expected.

Now, let's move on to the nation's most cost-conscious residents. When it comes to searching out the best gas prices before filling up the tank, it looks like the winners live in Phoenix, AZ. The folks in San Antonio, TX came in a close second with Cleveland OH, Detroit MI and Jacksonville FL filling the 3rd, 4th and 5th spots respectively. Nice going for the nation's most thrifty residents. We could all learn from them.

As for our most impatient citizens, where in the country can they be found? All you need to do is check out the most traffic-plagued and grid-locked cities. According to the TeleNav data, the majority of GPS device users with real-time traffic information and the option to route around traffic mishaps live in Los Angeles CA. Not really a surprise, however, most of you were probably thinking New York City, right?. Surprisingly, the Big Apple seems to be lagging at #3, and was beat out by Washington DC. Rounding out the top 5 are Chicago IL as #4 and Atlanta GA is #5 on this list of hurried and impatient commuters.

The last and final category covers the four most searched businesses and their locations, hours of operation etc. If you guessed that #1 on this list is Wal-Mart, you would be correct. No doubt the people in Phoenix are helping to keep Wal-Mart at #1. I'm equally as sure that I've personally had something to do with keeping Starbucks at a solid #2 on the most searched businesses list. With Target as #3, Best Buy as #4 and Bank of America holding at #5, we come to an end.

In division, orchids are split into two or more parts, and each part will produce a fully grown plant that will flower the next season. It is a method best done just after a new growth begins, typically in early spring. Each division needs to have three back bulbs and one new growth. It is one of the simplest methods of propagating orchids that many people can easily do at home. Though you may worry about the thought of cutting your plant into two, it is actually good for your plant as it will encourage growth of new shoots that are healthier and more vigorous.

Occasionally, orchids will have a baby orchid clinging to them with its own roots. This is known as a keiki. A keiki can be found in an orchids roots, stems and bulbs. In propagating orchids using keikis, you must wait until the roots of the keikis grow to about three inches long. Pull it gently from the orchid until it is separated, then plant it in a new pot. Water and feed it very minimally, and keep it in a shady area. Once it grows bigger, you can then care for it like you would a grown orchid.

You can also use back bulbs to propagate orchids. This method is done during repotting. Once the plant is removed from its old pot, look at its pseudobulbs. Remove the old ones, both those that have flowered and not. Then, plant the pseudobulb in a new pot and care for it wellwatering it once and twice a week, exposing it to sunlight and shade, adding fertilizerbasically treating it like a growing orchid. This will induce the pseudobulb to take root and hopefully flower.

In propagating orchids using aerial cuttings, fully grown orchids are cut off at the uppermost part of their stems, just below the aerial roots. The part that has been removed is then placed in orchid mixture to grow. The new plant will be similar to its parent. Most sympodial orchids like the Cattleya, Dendrobium, Cymbidium and Coelogyne are propagated using aerial cuttings.

Full duplex operation br Motorola MOTOTBO Repeater DR300 with duplexer mounted in Flightcase 100 Duty cycle up to 40 W output br A feature that defines the repeater is the fact that it transmits and receives at the same time simultaneously A duplex repeater uses two radio frequencies an Input frequency which it monitors for signals and an Output frequency on which it retransmits the received signals at a higher power or higher amplitude br The input is the frequency on which mobile radios or hand held radios transmit to reach the repeater The output is the transmitter frequency for the repeater which repeats the audio from the received signal on the input br The fact that the transmitter and receiver are on at the same time means some electrical isolation must exist to keep the repeater s own transmitter from degrading the repeater receiver If the repeater transmitter and receiver are not isolated well the repeater s own transmitter blinds the repeater receiver Example the problem is similar to being at a rock concert and not being able to hear the weak signal of a conversation over the much stronger signal of the band br Part of isolating the transmitter and receiver is keeping the input and output frequencies distant The further apart these two frequencies the easier it is to keep the transmitter from interfering with the receiver This is an engineering problem with many possible solutions br Frequency separation input to output br There is no set rule about spacing of input and output frequencies for all radio repeaters Any spacing where the designer can get sufficient isolation between receiver and transmitter will work br The narrowest documented spacing found in preparing this article is a system dismantled in the 1980s One channel used on the Riverside County California Sheriff s Department system which was replaced by an 800 MHz trunked system used 158 760 MHz as input and 159 090 MHz as output a spacing of 330 kHz The station callsign was KMH971 It is unusual to see systems with input and output spaced this closely It is believed working systems have been spaced as close as 175 kHz br In some countries under some radio services there are agreed on conventions or separations that are required by the system license In the case of input and output frequencies in the United States for example br Amateur repeaters in the US 144 148 MHz band usually use a 600 kHz 0 6 MHz separation br Systems in the 450 470 MHz band use a 5 MHz separation with the input on the higher frequency Example input is 456 900 MHz output is 451 900 MHz br Amateur repeaters in the US 420 450 MHz band use a 5 MHz separation with the input being either on the higher or lower portion of the 440 450 segment of the band the standard changes regionally Example output is 444 400 MHz input is 449 400 MHz br Systems in the 806 869 MHz band use a 45 MHz separation with the input on the lower frequency Example input is 810 1875 MHz output is 855 1875 MHz br These are just a few examples There are many other separations or spacings between input and output frequencies in operational systems br Same band frequencies br Same band repeaters operate with input and output frequencies in the same frequency band For example in US two way radio 30 50 MHz is one band and 150 174 MHz is another A repeater with an input of 33 980 MHz and an output of 46 140 MHz is a same band repeater br In same band repeaters a central design problem is keeping the repeater s own transmitter from interfering with the receiver Reducing the coupling between transmitter and input frequency receiver is called isolation br Duplexer system br In same band repeaters isolation between transmitter and receiver can be created by using a single antenna and a device called a duplexer The device is a tuned filter connected to the antenna In this example consider a type of device called a band pass duplexer It allows or passes a band or a narrow range of frequencies br There are two legs to the duplexer filter one is tuned to pass the input frequency the other is tuned to pass the output frequency Both legs of the filter are coupled to the antenna The repeater receiver is connected to the input leg while the transmitter is connected to the output leg If the right specifications are chosen the duplexer has a narrow enough filter to prevent the repeater s receiver from being overloaded by its own transmitter By virtue of the transmitter and receiver being on different frequencies they can operate at the same time on a single antenna br Any anomaly or fault with the antenna or antenna feed cable will reflect transmitter power back into the receiver possibly causing the receiver to be overloaded The reflected power will quickly exceed the duplexer s filtering ability br There is a relationship between the frequencies on which a duplexer filter is utilized and the physical size of the filter A band pass duplexer for 45 MHz will be much larger than the same design built to work at 860 MHz br Combining system br There is often not enough tower space to accommodate a separate antenna for each repeater at crowded equipment sites In same band repeaters at engineered shared equipment sites repeaters can be connected to shared antenna systems These are common in trunked systems where up to 29 repeaters for a single trunked system may be located at the same site Some architectures such as iDEN sites may have more than 29 repeaters br In a shared system a receive antenna is usually located at the top of the antenna tower Putting the receive antenna at the top helps to capture weaker received signals than if the receive antenna were lower of the two By splitting the received signal from the antenna many receivers can work satisfactorily from a single antenna Devices called receiver multicouplers split the signal from the antenna into many receiver connections The multicoupler amplifies the signals reaching the antenna then feeds them to several receivers attempting to make up for losses in the power dividers or splitters These operate similarly to a cable TV splitter but must be built to higher quality standards so they work in environments where strong interfering signals are present br On the transmitter side a second transmit antenna is installed somewhere below the receive antenna There is an electrical relationship defined by the distance between transmit and receive antennas An desirable null exists if the transmit antenna is located exactly below the receive antenna beyond a minimum distance Almost the same isolation as a low grade duplexer about 60 decibels can be accomplished by installing the transmit antenna below and along the centerline of the receive antenna Several transmitters can be connected to the same antenna using filters called combiners Transmitters usually have directional devices installed along with the filters that block any reflected power in the event the antenna malfunctions The antenna must have a power rating that will handle the sum of energy of all connected transmitters at the same time br Transmitter combining systems are lossy As a rule of thumb each leg of the combiner has a 50 3 decibel power loss If two transmitters are connected to a single antenna through a combiner half of their power will reach the combiner output This assumes everything is working properly If four transmitters are coupled to one antenna a quarter of each transmitter s power will reach the output of the combining circuit Part of this loss can be made up with increased antenna gain It is important to note that 50 watts of transmitter power to the antenna will make a received signal strength at a distant mobile radio that is almost identical to 100 watts br In trunked systems with many channels a site design may include several transmit antennas to reduce combining network losses For example a six channel trunked system may have two transmit antennas with three transmitters connected to each of the two transmit antennas Because small variations affect every antenna each antenna will have a slightly different directional pattern Each antenna will interact with the tower and other nearby antennas differently If one were to measure received signal levels this would cause a variation among channels on a single trunked system Variations in signal strength among channels on one trunked system can also be caused by br failed parts in the combiner br characteristics of the design br loose connectors br bad cables br mistuned filters or br incorrectly installed components br Cross band frequencies br Consider the possibility that Amateurs are likely to have been the first to experiment with and to use cross band repeaters br Modern br Cross band repeaters are sometimes a part of government trunked radio systems If one community is on a trunked system and the neighboring community is on a conventional system a talk group or agency fleet subfleet may be designated to communicate with the other community In an example where the community is on 153 755 MHz transmitting on the trunked system talk group would repeat on 153 755 MHz Signals received by a base station on 153 755 MHz would go over the trunked system on an assigned talk group br In conventional government systems cross band repeaters are sometimes used to connect two agencies who use radio systems on different bands For example a fire department in Colorado was on a 46 MHz channel while a police department was on a 154 MHz channel they built a cross band repeater to allow communication between the two agencies br If one of the systems is simplex the repeater must have logic preventing transmitter keying in both directions at the same time Voting comparators with a transmitter keying matrix are sometimes used to connect incompatible base stations br Historic br In looking at records of old systems examples of cross band commercial systems were found in every US radio service where regulations allowed them In California specific systems using cross band repeaters have existed at least since the 1960s Historic examples of cross band systems include br Solano County Fire former Fire Radio Service 46 240 input 154 340 output This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same band repeater br Mid Valley Fire District Fresno former Fire Radio Service 46 140 input 154 445 output This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same band repeater br Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation former Forestry Conservation Radio Service 44 840 MHz input 151 445 MHz output This system was dismantled in the 1980s and is now a same band repeater br State of California Governor s Office of Emergency Services Fire former Fire Radio Service 33 980 MHz input 154 160 MHz output br In commercial systems manufacturers stopped making cross band mobile radio equipment with acceptable specifications for public safety systems in the early 1980s At the time some systems were dismantled because new radio equipment was not available br As links br For decades cross band repeaters have been used as fixed links The links can be used for remote control of base stations at distant sites or to send audio from a diversity voting receiver site back to the diversity combining system voting comparator Some legacy links occur in the US 150 170 MHz band US Federal Communications Commission rule changes did not allow 150 MHz links after the 1970s Newer links are more often seen on 72 76 MHz Mid band 450 470 MHz interstitial channels or 900 MHz links These links known as fixed stations in US licensing typically connect an equipment site with a dispatching office br Vehicular repeaters br Modern amateur radios sometimes include cross band repeat capability native to the radio transceiver br In commercial systems cross band repeaters are sometimes used in vehicular repeaters For example a 150 MHz hand held may communicate to a vehicle mounted low power transceiver The low power radio repeats transmissions from the portable over the vehicle s high power mobile radio which has a much longer range In these systems the hand held works so long as it is within range of the low power mobile repeater The mobile radio is usually on a different band than the hand held to reduce the chances of the mobile radio transmitter interfering with the transmission from the hand held to the vehicle br Motorola for example marketed a vehicular repeater system called PAC RT It was available for use with 150 MHz or 450 MHz hand helds and interfaced with some Motorola mobile radios br In the 1980s General Electric Mobile Radio had a 463 MHz emergency medical services radio that featured a 453 MHz vehicular repeater link to a hand held br There is a difficult engineering problem with these systems If you get two vehicle radios at the same location some protocol has to be established so that one portable transmitting doesn t activate two or more mobile radio transmitters br Vehicular repeaters are complex but can be less expensive than designing a system that covers a large area and works with the weak signal levels of hand held radios Some models of radio signals suggest that the transmitters of hand held radios create received signals at the base station one to two orders of magnitude 10 to 20 decibels or 10 to 100 times weaker than a mobile radio with a similar transmitter output power br Siting as part of system design br Radio repeaters are typically placed in locations which maximize their effectiveness for their intended purpose br Low level repeaters are used for local communications and are placed at low altitude to reduce interference with other users of the same radio frequencies Low level systems are used for areas as large as an entire city or as small as a single building br High level repeaters are placed on tall towers or mountaintops to maximize their area of coverage With these systems users with low powered radios such as hand held walkie talkies can communicate

A good starting point is to remember that all national views are generalisations (designed to make the news more watchable) and within the overall picture there will be positive trends. Just like using Sat Nav. to get somewhere by the quickest route, and even avoid queues, you need your own Job Search Sat Nav. to help you track down the best places to look for a job.

Using the Job Search Sat Nav. approach here are five steps you can take for yourself to improve your chances of getting a job:

1. Who is hiring?
Look for organisations that are actually hiring people, even in organisations that are reducing staff numbers in some departments they continue to hire more people in other departments or people with different skills. This is question of what skills and experience are in demand.

2. Where are the growth sectors?
Look for new and developing areas of the jobs market. For example these could be connected with the "green" economy or with high technology. The growth in smart phones and applications for them is generating new businesses all the time. Companies that are exporting to foreign markets can also be good potential for jobs. Do not overlook that some more traditional trades such as plumbing and electrical engineers are also in demand.

3. Who is winning business?
Search the news online and offline for organisations that announce expansion and success in adding new locations or winning new customer contracts. More jobs very often follow such success. Some online news sites publish lists of the most profitable and growing companies others list the most admired companies to work for. All these are good potential employers.

4. What skills are in demand?
Identify skills needed in the new economy and get yourself onto a training course for those skills. These could range from customer service, design to manufacturing, engineering or plumbing and electrical specialists.

5. Make a job out of getting a job
Getting a job takes time, effort, dedication, research, preparation and planning combined with a "never-give-up" persistence. Do not hesitate to ask for help, use every contact you have.

Finally keep updating your Job Search Sat Nav, look for new information online and offline to track down the places that are hiring people. Using this approach you will increase your chances of getting a job.

Traveling is a great way to escape from the daily grind. In fact, a change of scenery has proved to be an effective stress killer. If you are gearing up for a fabulous trip, don’t forget to take along the three essentials: a GPS, a wallet full of money, and a spirit of adventure! Now, if you are thinking to yourself is a GPS really a travel essential, the answer is most definitely yes! A Global Positioning System (GPS) or a GPS technology can help you locate specific destinations and even provide directions when you find yourself going around in circles (which, let’s face it, happens all the time to people when they drive around a city they have never been to before).

So how exactly does a GPS work? Well, a GPS transmits precise microwave signals from a satellite to the GPS receiver, which then allows it to determine its current location, time, and velocity. GPS enabled devices can be used in the car or on foot. When installed in vehicles, GPS devices help drivers find their way through city streets. Campers and hikers can also use them to navigate through unfamiliar terrain. A GPS technology not only works as a pathfinder, but it can also play a vital role in planning your itinerary. You can quickly and easily find restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and more that are all within a short distance of your vacation destination.

Many of the latest and best GPS gadgets and GPS accessories are available online at Tupelo Super Store. The NavStick USB GPS for Laptop is a unique GPS dongle that can easily transform your laptop into a personal navigator by simply plugging it into the USB port of your computer. These GPS dongles are pocket-sized and lightweight gizmos that fit nicely into your laptop bag. The Garmin GPS 72 is another useful product that provides accurate GPS positioning using correction data obtained from the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). These units are waterproof, durable, unsinkable, and high-performing. Incorporating 500 user waypoints with names and graphic symbols, including 50 reversible routes, the Garmin GPS 72 provides land and marine navigation. The Bluetooth Keychain GPS w/Live is a sleek and a compact Bluetooth GPS receiver. This keychain Bluetooth GPS lets you search for maps and directions using Live Search for Windows on Bluetooth-enabled cell phones, PDAs, and laptops. The USG All-in-One Car Navigator is your typical car model. It has pre-loaded maps of the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. This navigation system displays maps in both 2D and 3D and offers precise and accurate routing. In addition, it allows you to save your favorite locations and can even help you locate popular tourist spots with its thousands of pre-loaded POI's.

Amplifiers Receivers are an electronic chip or circuit these are helpful to receive the input from an antenna through a medium then filter the signals by means of applying operations on them, then they generate an output signal which is required. The Amplifiers Receivers also separate the different range of signals and then transmitted these signals. These signals may be sound, digital data, text, videos etc.
Types Of Amplifiers Receivers:

There are verities of Amplifiers Receivers according to their types, usage and functionalities. The types of Amplifiers Receivers which are well known and mostly used now a day are:

* Communications receivers: these receivers are utilized by home stereo listeners, as well as home theatre system enthusiasts.

* Crystal radio receivers: are used to operate with the received radio signals.

* Satellite television receivers: are used to receive the TV signals from communication satellites.

* Measuring receivers: are calibrated laboratory-grade apparatus.

* Scanners: these are special type of receivers which automatically scan two and more than two frequencies of signals.

* Communication receivers: are used with the radio communication mechanism to improve the high performance.

Except them AV receivers, high fidelity audio receivers are also well known types of receivers.
How To Buy Amplifiers Receivers:

The Amplifiers Receivers are commonly available at any equipments market. You can purchase a best Amplifiers Receivers according to your choice and requirements. First you know about the types and the functionalities of these Amplifiers Receivers then you can better judge how to purchase and which one will be the best for me. Amplifiers Receivers are much useful devices considers now a day
Amplifiers Receivers

GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use.

GPS original name is NAVSTAR-GPS. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.

Data logger is any device that stores data so consequently GPS data logger will store GPS data.

Data loggers are an example of passive trackers. The GPS Data Logger is a small, robust unit that records position data from a GPS.

It is a convenient, economical alternative to using a laptop computer or PDA, especially on long road, 4WD and motorcycle trips.

Following parameters can be retrieved from a GPS data-logger

a)Date
b)Time
c)Latitude
d)Longitude
e)Altitude
f)Speed

The information can be exported in excel sheets and software like Google maps etc.

So let's take a look at Longitude:

Longitude is defined in terms of meridians, which are half-circles running from pole to pole.

A reference meridian, called the prime meridian, is selected, and this forms the reference by which longitudes are defined.

On the earth, the prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England; for this reason it is also called the Greenwich meridian . The longitude of a point P on the surface is defined as the angle that the plane containing the meridian passing through P subtends with respect to the plane containing the prime meridian.

If P is to the east of the prime meridian, the longitude is positive; if P is to the west of the prime meridian, the longitude is negative.

Longitude angles can range up to +180 degrees (180 degrees east), and down to -180 degrees (180 degrees west). The +180 and -180 degree longitude meridians coincide directly opposite the prime meridian.

Let's read us some longitude and latitude, shall we? Here's an example of a precise point on the earth represented as longitude and latitude.

Let's geocode the address of favorite locally-owned and operated taco shop, Roscoe's Tacos! Roscoe's Tacos is located at

642 S Madison Ave.
Greenwood IN 46142

Now that same address written in the form of longitude and latitude looks like this:

39°36'24"N, 86°6'26"W
(39.606759, -86.107287)
39 ° 36.4055', -86 ° 6.4372'
The weird symbols stand for different measurements of either degrees, minutes or seconds. So if you want to speak the longitude and latitude coordinates out loud for good old Roscoe's Tacos (39°36'24"N, -86°6'26"W) you would say, "Roscoe's Tacos is located at 39 degrees, 36 minutes, and 24 seconds north of the equator and 86 degrees, six minutes and 26 seconds west of the meridian passing through Greenwich, England).

GPS tracking system is one of the most remarkable effects of the technological revolution that has occurred over the last two decade. To keep up pace with this fast changing technology you have to have one of these!

Get the bestGPS tracking tools online. Visit Chinavasion or paste this link into your browser: http://www.chinavasion.com/index.php/cName/electronic-gadgets-gps-gadgets/